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| | * Gods Debris | | * Gods Debris |
| | * ''Invisible Man'' by Ralph Ellison | | * ''Invisible Man'' by Ralph Ellison |
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| − | ==RD E-waste==
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| − | * In the United States, nonresidential consumers with large quantities of used monitors are subject to federal regulations for managing this equipment as hazardous wastes under the 1976 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA; 42 U.S.C. 6901) '''Businesses that use small quantities of CRTs and residential CRT owners are exempt from these requirements.'''
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| − | * In addition to RCRA, commercial and industrial generators of electronic waste also must be concerned with the liability provisions in the 1980 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA; 42 U.S.C. 9601), which addresses the release of hazardous materials and the future remediation of toxic waste sites. The desire to avoid future liability has led a few commercial organizations to develop alternative methods—such as leasing agreements—for shifting the responsibility for managing EOL electronic equipment back to the manufacturers.
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| − | * In Florida, CRTs are designated as hazardous waste and subject to strict regulations on storage and transport if they are landfilled or incinerated but not if they are recycled or used to make other commercial products. In Massachusetts, the Department of Environmental Protection banned the disposal of CRTs from its landfills and incinerators beginning in April 2000 and established CRT collection and recycling programs (Northeast Recycling Council, 2001). Under these programs, several communities received grants to fund the initial year of a local recycling program. In January 2001, the state also received authorization from EPA to exempt intact CRTs destined for reuse or recycling from hazardous waste regulations (for extensive discussion, see Federal Register, 2000). California banned televisions and computer monitors from landfill disposal in 2001 and in 2002, California state legislators proposed new policies to promote recycling and recovery of e-waste ( Totten and Glenn, 2002).
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| − | * In 2002, the US EPA issued a proposed regulation to remove existing barriers to CRT recycling by exempting CRTs destined for glass-to-glass recycling from hazardous waste regulations under RCRA.
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| − | * The European Parliament introduced two directives related to electronic waste in 2000 that are expected to receive final approval in the spring 2003. The first—The Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment—aims to reduce the generation of and encourage the reuse and recycling of electronic waste ( European Commission, 2000). The directive requires that 60–80% of electronic equipment be recovered and recycled by manufacturers by the end of 2005.
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| − | * The second—The Directive on the Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment—aims to minimize the risks and environmental impact of the treatment and disposal of electronic waste (European Commission, 2000). This second directive will phase out the use of hazardous substances—lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) and poly brominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)—in electronic products by 2006.
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| − | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12767859&dopt=Citation]
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| − | * In 2005 soil samples in near an e-waste recycling facility in Guiyu, Guangdong, China were tested for PBDE (polybrominated diphenyl ethers), which are hazardous flame retardants with a "high bioaccumulation potential". [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15946727&dopt=Citation] "There is growing evidence that indicates these chemicals may possess liver toxicity, thyroid toxicity, and neurodevelopmental toxicity" [http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/journals/esthag-w/2001/dec/science/kb_pbde.html]
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