Talk:Basic Linux Command Line for Builders

I always give an example of a man page. -- MW 12:10, 27 Aug 2005 (PDT)

This page on linuxcommand.org

http://linuxcommand.org/lts0040.php ... could fill an hour of a class with just that.

Would talk about this, possibly

• location of common information, e.g., processor information in the file system
• symbolic links, in relation to GRUB, available kernels, etc.
• Read and write, from the standpoint of both a user and an operating system
• linux can teach you about how an operating system works because you can look at the steps individually.
• a big problem with cl students is they want to start learning about how an operating system works, but even small questions in that direction blow up really quickly.

The purpose of this class is to teach builders-to-be real basic stuff about using the command line in linux so when we say "ok, now go to dev" you know what to type. This is written as a script that, with ingenuity, can be either a teacher's guide or a self-guided lesson.

==Proposal for New "Basic" Command Line Class"

to begin the class

This assumes you're at a terminal in the Free Geek classroom.

• log in, close the web browser.
• open a terminal session, ICEWM>Programs>XShells>Xterm (if the text is too small, hold down the control key and the right mouse button to get a font size menu)
• make the window larger, using either Alt-F10 or the maximize button.

If you're on a FreekBox3, you can open an xterminal by clicking on the button on the taskbar that looks like a monitor with a black screen. On an Ubuntu box, go to Applications>Accessories>Terminal

• Go over the parts of a command prompt. ie: user@system:location$
• Mention that the Linux command line is case sensitive.

Make a File

• sudo nano /home/username/Desktop/just_make_up_a_file_name
• Enter text. For example, "Hello, World!"

Parts of a Command

• Go over the parts of a command. ie: command -options target(s)
• command - The name of the program being run is the start of a line and must be separated from the options and target by a space or spaces. These are almost
• option - These modify the command. They mostly either begin with a "-" or a "--"
  • single letter options start with a single dash and can generally be strung together. The following examples are equivalent. Remember all commands are executed by pressing enter.

ls -a -l

ls -al

ls -la

• long option names start with a double dash. They cannot be combined, and may or may not have an equivalent single letter equivalent. The following are equivalent, reversing the sort order of the results of the command.

ls --reverse

ls -r

• target - This is the thing acted on, a file or directory generally.
• We will save in-depth talk about the extra information you see with the "-l" option for another class.

listing, linking, removing, tab completion:

In this section, students learn that they are located in the file system, that you need to hit enter to make the command run, that the way the command runs can be modified with flags, and how to use tab completion.

• First: Point out that students can recall previously typed commands by pressing the up arrow.
• type ls and hit enter. (list files in the current directory)
• ls -l (and hit enter... the long listing, point out time/date info)
• ls -a (shows all files, note that most begin with . Point out . (the current directory) and .. (one step towards root in the filesystem))
• ls -al (shows all files the long way)
• ls (point out the Desktop directory again)
• ls D and hit tab, and hit enter. (note how it finished out the rest of the word Desktop)
• ln -s D<tab> yourname
• ls -l (note that yourname points to Desktop)

Note: periodically remind them about tab completion if they're not picking it up- it's a real arthritis-saver.

• ls D<tab>
• ls yourname (note that it's actually the same files as in Desktop)
• rm yourname
• ls (note that it removed yourname)

moving around

• cd D<tab> (becomes cd Desktop)
• ls
• cd ..
• ls
• cd /
• ls

  You are now in the root of the filesystem. Point out the directories and their uses.

boot - files necessary to boot the system

dev - "device": pointers to devices

etc - configuration files

home - directories for user accounts

media - mount points for floppy, cdrom etc

mnt - temporary mount point

proc - snapshot of operating system

tmp - temporary files

usr - userspace programs and documentation

var - files of variable size, logs, print and email spools, web files

• cd ~
• ls

Filesystem structure

The Linux filesystem is arranged as a single tree (an upside-down tree if you are really a visual person), rather than as a set of containers as in MS Windows. Drives and other devices all have to be mounted somewhere on this tree to be recognized. The filesystem starts with "/" which is the root of the filesystem.

• absolute path - The location of a file or directory in the filesystem starting from root. This always starts with a "/"

/home/guest/files/example.txt

• relative path - The location of a file or directory starting from you current working directory. It never starts with a "/". The following example assumes you are in /home/guest

files/example.txt

Copying and moving files

-Need to write. Cover deletion by moving to .Trash. -Tony Diethelm

more tab-completion, text editors, modules file:

now we're going to use a text editor, which is basically like a very simple word processor- no bold, underlining or italics- just plain old text. (in this example i use nano, since that's what most build instructors end up teaching. mcedit is another text editor that would work)

• nano /etc/m hit tab twice. (note all the possible completions)
• nano /etc/mo<tab><tab> (note the shorter list)
• nano /etc/mod<tab><tab> (note the shorter list)
• nano /etc/modul<tab> (note how it completed it out to modules)
• nano /etc/modules

  this file basically contains certain hardware modules(or in windows terms "drivers") to load when the computer starts up. in build, we're usually looking for 3c509, eexpress or ne. use the arrow keys to move the cursor to the bottom of the screen, and type in whatever you want to say....

• ctrl-o to save it. in the "File Name to write: " section near the bottom, it should say "/etc/modules". hit enter to save it. (note, they get a permission denied message, because they are not root)
• try again: ctrl-o, and change "/etc/modules" to "modules"
• ctrl-x to exit.
• ls (note the presence of the modules file)
• nano modules (note that your changes were saved there)
• nano /etc/mod<tab><tab>

system configuration via tab-completion:

• ls<tab><tab>
• lsm<tab> (lsmod: list modules. usually we use this to look for 3c509, eexpress or ne modules)
• ls<tab><tab>
• lspc<tab> (lspci: lists pci devices. look for VGA for video card information)

networking

• ping glacier (we're pinging the server named glacier, which is the server used in the build area)
• ctrl-c to quit

  note the difference from the dos ping utility which quits after 4 pings

• ifconfig (note eth0 and eth1 are both seen in lspci, note lo interface)

extras- dmesg, grep, piping:

Go over these if there is time.

• dmesg
• dmesg | less
• dmesg | grep eth

final check-in:

do they seem to understand the concept of typical command syntax: command <option flags> arguments

"what to do, how to do it, and what to do it to"

any other questions?

Reference for further study

• http://www.linuxdevcenter.com/linux/cmd O'Reilly's Alphabetical Directory of Linux Commands
• http://www.karakas-online.de/gnu-linux-tools-summary/ GNU/Linux Command-Line Tools Summary
• http://www.linuxcommand.org/learning_the_shell.php Learning the Shell (The content/flow is pretty close to what is presented on this page)